Publications

Articles scientifiques

Publications du LECD sur son site HAL

  • [hal-03919211] Premises of social cognition: Newborns are sensitive to a direct versus a faraway gaze
    2 janvier 2023
    Previous studies evidenced that already from birth, newborns can perceive differences between a direct versus an averted gaze in faces both presented in static and interactive situations. It has been hypothesized that this early sensitivity would rely on modifications of the location of the iris (i.e. the darker part of the eye) in the sclera (i.e. the white part), or that it would be an outcome of newborns’ preference for configurations of faces with the eye region being more contrasted. One question still remains: What happens when the position of the iris is not modified in the sclera, but the look is ‘faraway’, that is when the gaze is toward the newborns’ face but above his or her own eyes? In the present study, we tested the influence of a direct versus a faraway gaze (i.e., two gazes that only differed slightly in the position of the iris on the vertical axis and not on the horizontal axis) on newborns’ face recognition. The procedure was identical to that used in previous studies: using a familiarization-test procedure, we familiarized two groups of newborns (N = 32) with videos of different talking faces that were presented with either a direct or a faraway gaze. Newborns were then tested with photographs of the face seen previously and of a new one. Results evidenced that newborns looked longer at the familiar face, but only in the direct gaze condition. These results suggest that, already from birth, infants can perceive slight differences of gazes when someone is addressing to them.
  • [hal-03775622] Effects of screen exposure on young children’s cognitive development: A review
    12 septembre 2022
    The past decade has witnessed a rapid increase in the use of screen media in families, and infants are exposed to screens at younger ages than ever before. The objective of this review is twofold: (1) to understand the correlates and demographic factors determining exposure to screens, including interactive screens, when available, and (2) to study the effects of watching screens and using touchscreens on cognitive development, during the first 3 years of life. We argue that the effects of screen viewing depend mostly on contextual aspects of the viewing rather than on the quantity of viewing. That context includes the behavior of adult caregivers during viewing, the watched content in relation to the child's age, the interactivity of the screen and whether the screen is in the background or not. Depending on the context, screen viewing can have positive, neutral or negative effects on infants' cognition.
  • [hal-01478441] Infants' Selectively Pay Attention to the Information They Receive from a Native Speaker of Their Language
    28 février 2017
    From the first moments of their life, infants show a preference for their native language, as well as toward speakers with whom they share the same language. This preference appears to have broad consequences in various domains later on, supporting group affiliations and collaborative actions in children. Here, we propose that infants' preference for native speakers of their language also serves a further purpose, specifically allowing them to efficiently acquire culture specific knowledge via social learning. By selectively attending to informants who are native speakers of their language and who probably also share the same cultural background with the infant, young learners can maximize the possibility to acquire cultural knowledge. To test whether infants would preferably attend the information they receive from a speaker of their native language, we familiarized 12-month-old infants with a native and a foreign speaker, and then presented them with movies where each of the speakers silently gazed toward unfamiliar objects. At test, infants' looking behavior to the two objects alone was measured. Results revealed that infants preferred to look longer at the object presented by the native speaker. Strikingly, the effect was replicated also with 5-month-old infants, indicating an early development of such preference. These findings provide evidence that young infants pay more attention to the information presented by a person with whom they share the same language. This selectivity can serve as a basis for efficient social learning by influencing how infants' allocate attention between potential sources of information in their environment.
  • [hal-02326236] The emergence of tool use during the second year of life
    22 octobre 2019
    Despite a growing interest in the question of tool-use development in infants, no study so far has systematically investigated how learning to use a tool to retrieve an out-of-reach object progresses with age. This was the first aim of this study, in which 60 infants, aged 14, 16, 18, 20, and 22 months, were presented with an attractive toy and a rake-like tool. There were five conditions of spatial relationships between the toy and the tool, going from the toy and tool being connected to there being a large spatial gap between them. A second aim of the study was to evaluate at what age infants who spontaneously fail the task can learn this complex skill by being given a demonstration from an adult. Results show that even some of the youngest infants could spontaneously retrieve the toy when it was presented inside and touching the top part of the tool. In contrast, in conditions with a spatial gap, the first spontaneous successes were observed at 18 months, suggesting that a true understanding of the use of the tool has not been fully acquired before that age. Interestingly, it is also at 18 months that infants began to benefit from the demonstration in the conditions with a spatial gap. The developmental steps for tool use observed here are discussed in terms of changes in infants’ ability to attend to more than one item in the environment. The work provides insight into the progressive understanding of tool use during infancy and into how observational learning improves with age.
  • [hal-04498355] Social patterning of childhood overweight in the French national ELFE cohort
    11 mars 2024
    Abstract An inverse social gradient in early childhood overweight has been consistently described in high-income countries; however, less is known about the role of migration status. We studied the social patterning of overweight in preschool children according to the mother’s socio-economic and migration background. For 9250 children of the French ELFE birth cohort with body mass index collected at age 3.5 years, we used nested logistic regression to investigate the association of overweight status in children with maternal educational level, occupation, household income and migration status. Overall, 8.3% (95%CI [7.7–9.0]) of children were classified as overweight. The odds of overweight was increased for children from immigrant mothers (OR 2.22 [95% CI 1.75–2.78]) and descendants of immigrant mothers (OR 1.35 [1.04–2.78]) versus non-immigrant mothers. The highest odds of overweight was also observed in children whose mothers had low education, were unemployed or students, or were from households in the lowest income quintile. Our findings confirm that socio-economic disadvantage and migration status are risk factors for childhood overweight. However, the social patterning of overweight did not apply uniformly to all variables. These new and comprehensive insights should inform future public health interventions aimed at tackling social inequalities in childhood overweight.
  • [hal-02326041] The roles of observation and manipulation in learning to use a tool
    22 octobre 2019
    We investigated how repeated, five-minute familiarization sessions occurring once a week over a 6-week period influenced infants’ knowledge about the functional properties of a rake-like tool and their ability to use it for retrieving an out of reach object by 16 months of age. We found that infants, who were not allowed to touch the rake, but only to observe an adult retrieve an object with it, improved their performance. On the other hand, infants who were allowed to manually manipulate the rake and touch and move other objects with it did not improve their performance. The results, which were replicated in a string-pulling task, suggest that, although both motor and cognitive limitations affect performance, it is rather cognitive limitations that prevent infants from understanding the functional properties of the tool and from succeeding in such tool-use tasks. Furthermore, infants can overcome these cognitive limitations with only a few, brief demonstrations spaced over several weeks.
  • [hal-00259466] Does maternal social hierarchy affect yolk testosterone deposition in domesticated canaries?
    28 février 2008
    Dominance is a relative measure that allows asymmetrical relationships between individuals to be quantified. These kinds of relationships often depend on aggressive behaviour and the steroid hormone most frequently associated with aggressiveness is testosterone. Testosterone is present in both sexes and implanting it can provoke a rise of individual aggressiveness leading consequently to an increase of social status. Many researchers have studied the relationship between plasma testosterone and dominance but few have focused on yolk testosterone and social hierarchy. Thus we aimed to study the possible influence of the mother's social status on egg yolk testosterone deposition. Our hypothesis is that dominant females lay eggs containing more testosterone than subordinate females. We recorded the social hierarchy of 24 female domesticated canaries, Serinus canaria, and studied the influence of their social status on the concentration of testosterone in their egg yolks and on other egg characteristics. Our results show a significant relationship between a mother's social status and the amount of testosterone deposited in its yolks: the more dominant the females are, the more concentrated in testosterone their eggs are. Our results also show that yolk testosterone increases with laying order, whereas no relationship between mothers' rank number and their clutch size or egg mass was found. We conclude that there is a clear effect of maternal social status on yolk testosterone and discuss dominance inheritance.
  • [hal-01478459] Urban Noise Undermines Female Sexual Preferences for Low-Frequency Songs in Domestic Canaries
    28 février 2017
    Increasing levels of anthropogenic noise represent a challenge for animals living in urban areas and birds, especially, may suffer from noisy conditions as they use singing to attract mates. Most anthropogenic noise is low in frequency and singing at high frequencies under noisy urban conditions may avoid masking and thus be a good strategy for breeding success in cities. Despite comparative, correlational and some experimental studies supporting this hypothesis, empirical studies on the impact of noise on sexual behaviour are largely lacking. Domestic canaries, Serinus canaria, provide an excellent model system to test unequivocal sexual responsiveness as receptive females perform copulation solicitation displays (CSD) to male song. We have previously shown that CSD rate was higher for low- than for high-frequency songs. In the current study, we tested whether a typical urban noise spectrum, with a bias towards low frequencies, could undermine sexual preferences. Using overlapping and alternating noise exposure regimes while broadcasting male songs we found that masking by urban noise reduced female responsiveness to low-frequency attractive songs. Under the same conditions the responsiveness to high-frequency songs remained unaffected and, consequently, the sexual preference for low- over high-frequency songs had faded because of the urban noise. We discuss to what extent our results can be extrapolated to other wild bird species and speculate about the adaptive value of the typical upward shift in frequency found in many city birds.
  • [hal-01478481] Female Canaries Invest More in Response to an Exaggerated Male Trait
    28 février 2017
    Females choose their mate on the basis of secondary sexual characters such as physical ornaments, courtship behaviours or vocalizations. In male birds, vocalizations are known to increase their attractiveness and consequently their probability of copulation. Moreover, male songs have been shown to shape maternal investment, particularly with regard to egg quality. Artificial manipulation of male attractiveness has been found to affect female sexual preferences and maternal investment. In this regard, supranormal stimuli are thought to increase such responses. The present study was designed to assess whether supranormal acoustic stimuli, known to induce high levels of sexual responsiveness in female canaries, Serinus canaria, could increase maternal investment beyond levels observed in birds exposed to natural songs. Exposure to supranormal songs (G phrases) increased maternal investment: compared to females exposed to moderately attractive (Control) or naturally attractive (A) phrases. Females exposed to supranormal songs laid bigger eggs (egg volume and mass, albumen mass); moreover, females in the G group laid eggs with heavier yolks than females in the Control group. In contrast, no differences were found between groups with regard to testosterone deposition in the eggs. Thus, the adjustment of females' investment in their brood seems to take various forms that appear to be related to different features of males' sexually selected traits, which raises the questions of how and why these different mechanisms have been selected.
  • [hal-04495435] In a songbird, the black redstart, parents use acoustic cues to discriminate between their different fledglings
    8 mars 2024
    Several studies on parental investment in territorial songbirds have reported the existence of brood division. This is a type of postfledging care in which each parent has long-term feeding preferences for different young within a brood, creating two family units. Recent theoretical work indicates that conflicts between individuals should select for brood division. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in the onset and maintenance of this behavioural strategy. Given the high rate of fledglings' begging calls, we hypothesized that acoustic discrimination could explain the stability of feeding preferences at a proximate level. In a 3-year field study, we recorded the responses of parent black redstarts, Phoenicurus ochruros, a territorial songbird, to playback of the begging calls of fledglings fed by the male and by the female. Parents responded more to the calls of the fledglings that they preferentially fed. A principal component analysis of the calls suggested that parents may recognize individual offspring. To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence that a bird can acoustically discriminate between two categories of its own offspring: those that it preferentially feeds and those fed by the other parent.
  • [hal-01704319] Mate preferences in female canaries (Serinus canaria) within a breeding season
    8 février 2018
    Divorce and remating in birds can be described as strategies used to enhance reproductive success. Mate switching often occurs because pairs failed to brood at least one chick during the previous breeding season. In the present study, we evaluated the influence of reproductive success on female preferences in domesticated canaries (Serinus canaria). For that purpose, females previously paired and having reared young were placed in a choice test situation: They were allowed to choose between their previous mate and a familiar male (a male neighbor during the breeding period). During these choice tests, females tended to stay near their previous mate longer than near a male neighbor when their reproductive success was " good " (at least two chicks). On the other hand, females with " poor " reproductive success (one chick) did not show a preference for their previous mate. Furthermore, in the present study, we observed that during choice tests males reacted to the presence of their previous mate in a particular way, by gathering nest material. This behavior was more scarcely observed in neighbor males which, on the contrary, sang significantly more than previous mates did.
  • [hal-01704381] Progesterone Inhibits Female Courtship Behavior in Domestic Canaries (Serinus canaria)
    8 février 2018
    We studied copulation solicitation display (CSD) responses to playback in photostimulated female canaries given systemic injections of progesterone. Eight females received injections of 0.1 mg of progesterone dissolved in olive oil during their first breeding cycle and were untreated during their second breeding cycle; eight females received only the oil vehicle during their first breeding cycle and received no treatment during their second breeding cycle. The injections were performed every second day during 15 days, after the onset of nest building. Progesterone treatment resulted in a significant increase of plasma progesterone which in turn provoked an inhibition of females’ CSDs and decreased the size of the clutch. During the first breeding cycle, progesterone-treated females had lower CSDs and egglaying scores than did control females. During the second breeding cycle, when females received no treatment, no differences emerged between the two groups. The suppressive effect of progesterone on female sexual responses was observed as soon as 48 h after the beginning of the treatment. We propose that progesterone plays a key role in mediating the transition from active female courtship behavior to sexual refractoriness in this species. Suppressive effects of progesterone on female sexual behavior have been previously described in lizards as well as in rodents. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis of Godwin et al. (J. Godwin, V. Hartman, M. Grammer, and D. Crews, Horm. Behav. 30, 138– 144, 1996) which proposed that the decrease in sexual behavior following plasma progesterone increase represents an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in the regulation of female sexual behavior.
  • [hal-01704194] Personality traits and behavioural profiles in the domestic canary are affected by sex and photoperiod
    8 février 2018
    Personality traits and behavioural profiles are generally assumed to be stable in adult-hood. Yet, it has been hypothesised that animals should cope with cyclical fluctuations by adjusting both single behaviours and suites of behaviour. Photoperiod is well known to induce hormonal and physiological changes, and these changes can in turn affect personality traits and behavioural profiles. This study is the first to explicitly investigate the influence of photoperiod on both behavioural profiles and personality traits. Six potential personality traits (within-flock activity, ability to escape, response to threat, isolation calling, boldness and neophobia) and dominance were measured four times in 96 domestic canaries Serinus canaria (48 males and 48 females): twice during a long photo-period (Long Days) and 6 months later twice during a short photoperiod (Short Days). Without regard to sex and photoperiod, most traits were highly repeatable, and bolder canaries were more dominant, less sensitive to an external threat and to isolation and less neophobic. In addition, the more active individuals within a flock were the more difficult to catch. Yet, both sex and photoperiod affected personality traits and behavioural profiles. Personality traits remained repeatable within each photoperiod though we observed behavioural plasticity and sex differences for response to threat, neophobia and within-flock activity. Concerning behavioural profiles, the negative relationship between boldness and neophobia remained homogenous in both sexes during Short Days as well as during Long Days. Then, the more active individuals within a flock were the more difficult to catch in Short Days but not in Long Days. Finally, the other correlations not only varied with photoperiod but also with sex. Our study highlights the importance of pho-toperiod and sex in the expression of personality traits and behavioural profiles, and of the need to measure them across the whole photoperiodic cycle.
  • [hal-01704322] Social competition and plasma testosterone profile in domesticated canaries: An experimental test of the challenge hypothesis
    8 février 2018
    The challenge hypothesis predicts that plasma testosterone (T) concentration is high when male – male competitions are high and decreases when males are engaged in paternal care. In monogamous species, T concentration increases at the beginning of the breeding period and decreases after egg laying. According to the challenge hypothesis, increasing competition should also lead to T increase. The aim of our study was to test this hypothesis. In a first experiment, we measured the T profile of domesticated canaries housed with their mate in separated cages without competition. In a second one, we created a competition by housing male and female domestic canaries together (in an aviary) and emphasized this competition by limiting food access. We also studied social status effect. Our results showed no effect of social status in both sexes and no differences in female's T concentration. Concerning males, we obtained a clear monogamous T profile from the ones housed in a low competition situation and a polygamous profile from the others housed in high competition situation. Thus, our results support the hypothesis of the plasticity of the mechanisms controlling T concentration according to environmental conditions. D
  • [hal-01704391] Sexually attractive phrases increase yolk androgens deposition in Canaries (Serinus canaria)
    8 février 2018
    The androgen concentration in birds' eggs varies with laying order, breeding conditions, and mate attractiveness. In passerine birds, mate attractiveness depends upon song quality. The aim of our study was to evaluate the eVect of one criterion used by females to assess male song quality that is to say the presence of sexually attractive phrases on yolk androgen deposition. Twenty-Wve female Canaries were assigned to three experimental groups; in the Wrst group, the females were allowed to hear songs made up with attractive phrases; in the second group, they were allowed to hear songs made up with non-attractive phrases; and in the control group, the females could not hear any song. Our results show that females allowed to hear songs with attractive phrases deposit signiWcantly higher amounts of androgens (mostly testosterone) in their eggs than females without acoustical stimulation. The females exposed to songs with non-attractive phrases had androgen amounts halfway between the two other groups. This suggests that when females are paired with mates able to sing attractive phrases they can allocate more androgens in their eggs during the pre-laying period.  2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
  • [hal-04495671] Directional female preference for an exaggerated male trait in canary (Serinus canaria) song
    8 mars 2024
    Motor constraints on vocal production impose a trade–off between trill rate and frequency bandwidth within birdsong. We tested whether domesticated canary (Serinus canaria) females, reared either in acoustic isolation or in aviary conditions, had a preference for broad bandwidth songs with artificially increased syllable rates. The copulation solicitation display (CSD) was used as an index of female preference. As predicted, both naive and experienced females were especially responsive to syllables with a broad bandwidth emitted at an artificially increased rate. Female preference for supernormal stimuli provide support for the honest–signalling hypothesis and our results are consistent with recent findings indicating that production of song phrases maximizing both bandwidth and syllable rate may be a reliable indicator of male physical or behavioural qualities. We suggest that female preference for vocal emissions, which simultaneously maximize these two parameters, could be a widespread pattern within songbirds.
  • [hal-04495650] Parental care and brood division in a songbird, the black redstart
    8 mars 2024
    Sexual conflict over parental care can be mediated through differences in male and female overall feeding rates, brood division or both. At present, it is not clear whether post-fledging brood division occurs due to sexual conflict over parental investment or is due to bi-parental cooperation, e.g. increase offspring fitness. We provide evidence suggesting that brood division in the black redstart, Phoenicurus ochruros is due to sexual conflict. Males and females had similar feeding contributions during the nestling stage, which is common for most passerine species. After fledging, each parent showed long-term feeding preferences for particular chicks within the brood. In most cases (74%; 17/23) both parents provided care but males tended to feed less fledglings than females did and in about a quarter of cases (26%; 6/23) females fed the whole brood by themselves. The relative amount of male to female post-fledging feedings showed a significant negative relationship with the proportion of fledglings cared for exclusively by the male. These results suggest (1) a close link between the amount of parental care and brood division; (2) sexual conflict can be mediated through brood division; (3) female redstarts appear to loose this conflict more often than male redstarts, with in the extreme cases males showing post-fledging brood desertion. A literature review shows brood division to occur in at least a dozen of songbird species but male black redstarts have the lowest relative post-fledging parental investment, expressed either as feeding rates or number of chicks in care.
  • [hal-01478464] Young Children's Difficulties in Switching from Rhythm Production to Temporal Interval Production (>1 S)
    28 février 2017
    This study examined the young children's abilities to switch from rhythm production, with short 15 Inter-Taps Intervals (ITI), to temporal interval production, with long ITI (> 1 s), in a sensorimotor synchronization task. Children aged 3 and 5 years old were given 6 sessions of synchronization. In a control group, they had to synchronize their ITI to an Inter-Stimulus Interval (ISI) of 4 s. In the experimental group, they must progressively increase their ITI for one session to the next (from 0.4-s to 4.0-s ISI). Our results showed that the 5-year-olds produced longer ITI that the 3-year-olds in synchronization. However, the value of ITI in the 5-year-olds never exceeded 1.5 s, with more variable ITI in the control than in the experimental group. In addition, at 5 years, boys had more difficulties than girls in changing their tapping rhythm. These results suggest a temporal window in sensorimotor synchronization, beyond which the rhythm is lost and the synchronization becomes difficult.
  • [hal-03636219] Comment les adolescents perçoivent-ils la relation avec leur camarade préféré(e) ?
    9 avril 2022
    Le premier objectif de cette recherche était d’apporter un soutien empirique à un modèle tridimensionnel de la perception qu’ont les adolescents de la relation avec leur camarade de classe préféré. Les trois dimensions étaient : l’attachement émotionnel au camarade, le sentiment qu’il serait prêt à apporter son aide pour réussir une activité scolaire, et le fait de s’attendre à ce qu’il offre son soutien en cas d’agression par d’autres élèves. Le deuxième objectif était de tester des hypothèses concernant les facteurs de variation de cette perception. Dans le cadre d’une enquête nationale, un échantillon représentatif des élèves français en classe de 3ème, âgés en moyenne de 15 ans et 4 mois, a répondu à un questionnaire destiné à évaluer cette perception. Une analyse factorielle confirmatoire (AFC) indique que le modèle tridimensionnel est bien ajusté aux réponses des élèves. Les trois sous-échelles sont positivement mais modérément inter-corrélées. Une analyse multivariée de la variance a révélé que la relation avec le camarade de classe préféré est mieux perçue par les filles que par les garçons, qu’elle est évaluée à un niveau plus élevé lorsque ce camarade est le meilleur ami en dehors du collège et aussi lorsque cette préférence n’est pas trop récente.
  • [hal-03235566] Quel développement psychomoteur et social des bébés en Maison d’Accompagnement Parents Enfants (MAPE) ? Une question partagée des MAPE et de la pédopsychiatrie périnatale
    2 juin 2021
    Quel développement psychomoteur et social des bébés en Maison d'Accompagnement Parents Enfants (MAPE) ? Une question partagée des MAPE et de la pédopsychiatrie périnatale What psychomotor and social development of babies in the parent and childcare center? A shared question of parent and childcare centers and perinatal child psychiatry
  • [hal-03970690] Performing spontaneous motor tempo improves children's attentional performance
    2 février 2023
    Most children move rhythmically when they are focused on a task, whereas they are expected to remain still. Yet, Dynamic Attention Theory provides a theoretical framework to support the hypothesis that producing a spontaneous motor tempo can improve attentional performance. We therefore developed an experimental procedure designed to test this effect in the ecological context of classroom work: 64 8-year-old children participated in a 3-session, whole-class experiment. Each session began with a preliminary movement phase (spontaneous tempo with the hand or with the head or without movement). Then, in a second phase, the children completed one of three versions of the d2 attentional test. Our results showed that only the spontaneous tempo with hand condition significantly improved attentional performance. This protocol shows that it is possible to adapt teaching practices to allow children to mobilize their attention through these movements without disrupting classroom functioning.
  • [hal-02952596] Le tempo, fondement des compétences musicales et support du développement sociocognitif
    5 octobre 2020
    La musique est un objet sonore complexe mais qui repose sur une organisation temporelle très régulière. Cette caractéristique forte permet, lorsqu’elle est maîtrisée, d’anticiper les événements et de s’y synchroniser. La littérature scientifique souligne que l’être humain a une capacité à traiter ces régularités sur la base d’un tempo interne qui caractérise chaque individu. Bon nombre d’études chez l’adulte, l’enfant et le bébé montrent que le tempo interne oriente efficacement l’attention vers les objets ou événements importants. Au cours des premières années, pendant lesquelles cette compétence temporelle se développe, le jeune enfant baigne déjà dans un milieu riche en régularités temporelles multimodales, en produit de nombreuses et est soutenu dans son développement par ses partenaires sociaux privilégiés. Ces derniers lui proposent des interactions aux régularités temporelles saillantes qui lui permettent d’orienter son attention pour développer ses compétences cognitives et sociales.
  • [hal-01645039] La liaison en « Périnatalogie » : des soins entre réseau, liaison et prise en charge mobile
    22 novembre 2017
    La période périnatale amène les (futures) mères à rencontrer régulièrement des professionnels de la santé et constitue de ce fait un moment privilégié pour identifier les signes de vulnérabilité et pour initier des mesures préventives et/ou thérapeutiques pour ces patientes qui sont dans une phase de sensibilité psychique plus importante. La présente étude a pour premier objectif de déterminer si l’unité de psychiatrie d’urgence en maternité PPUMMA a répondu aux besoins qui ont conduits à sa création en s’appuyant sur la description de 8 années d’activité. Un second objectif est d’analyser les diagnostics posés sur la totalité de la période puis de les mettre en perspective dans leur évolution entre les premières années de fonctionnement et les plus récentes. Méthodes. – À partir de ce constat et en lien avec les professionnels de la périnatalité, une équipe de liaison en psychiatrie périnatale (PPUMMA) a été créée pour répondre aux besoins spécifiques à cette période. L’analyse des données a été effectuée sur l’activité de l’unité entre 2008 et 2015, soit 1817 nouvelles patientes. Résultats. – Une majorité des demandes est faite au cours de la période anténatale et est suivie d’une prise en charge rapide, conformément à l’objectif de prévention du dispositif, et grâce notamment au travail en réseau. On observe une sur-représentation des patientes de moins de 20 ans et des plus de 40 ans. Les diagnostics posés suite à la prise en charge révèlent une forte proportion de troubles de la personnalité et du comportement chez l’adulte. Conclusions. – L’ensemble des données souligne l’importance de la détection et de la prise en charge précoce à cette période de la vie. La psychiatrie de liaison dans ce cadre favorise le repérage efficace de troubles maternels sévères et à plus long terme permettent la prévention des risques psychiatriques pour l’enfant.
  • [hal-03620213] Design of a robotic zebra finch for experimental studies on developmental song learning
    25 mars 2022
    ABSTRACT Birdsong learning has been consolidated as the model system of choice for exploring the biological substrates of vocal learning. In the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), only males sing and they develop their song during a sensitive period in early life. Different experimental procedures have been used in the laboratory to train a young finch to learn a song. So far, the best method to achieve a faithful imitation is to keep a young bird singly with an adult male. Here, we present the different characteristics of a robotic zebra finch that was developed with the goal to be used as a song tutor. The robot is morphologically similar to a life-sized finch: it can produce movements and sounds contingently to the behaviours of a live bird. We present preliminary results on song imitation, and other possible applications beyond the scope of developmental song learning.
  • [hal-04424300] Adolescent educational and occupational anxiety: A three-dimensional model to fit into an attachment framework
    29 janvier 2024
    We propose a model of the anxiety adolescents experience about their educational and occupational future that includes three topics they worry about: (a) career failure, (b) parental disappointment, and (c) separation from loved ones to achieve one’s career. A total of 16,663 15-year-old French participants filled out a new anxiety questionnaire and other self-reports. Factor analyses showed that all three topics belong to the same type of anxiety, and suggested that the adolescents’ fear about their career is closely interwoven with parental attachment. This new kind of anxiety varied across gender and was correlated with school-adjustment and personality variables.
  • [halshs-03844931] High Stress Levels and Trust toward the Government Are Associated with More Positive Attitudes toward COVID-19 Vaccines among French Students: A Pilot Study
    9 novembre 2022
    Mistrust in COVID-19 vaccines may hinder vaccination campaigns. We looked at cognitive determinants of vaccination intentions against COVID-19. We were interested in (i) the effects of stress and (ii) the effects of self-protection systems on attitudes and intentions to get COVID-19 vaccines. We conducted an online observational pilot study with 203 participants and used self-report questionnaires to assess perceived stress and vulnerability to disease, beliefs about a dangerous world, pandemic-related stressors, living conditions, attitudes and intentions toward the vaccines and trust in government management of the COVID-19 pandemic. The participants reporting high levels of trust in government and high levels of stress were more likely to have positive attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines, although these two effects are at least partially independent of each other. We discuss how to improve the communication around COVID-19 vaccine policies.
  • [hal-01478438] You Know What? I'm Happy. Cognitive Bias Is Not Related to Personality but Is Induced by Pair-Housing in Canaries (Serinus Canaria)
    28 février 2017
    Recent studies suggest that cognitive bias could constitute a novel and valid measure of animal welfare. Although interest for a link between personality and cognition is growing, no study to date investigated whether a cognitive bias might be related to the personality of the individuals. We trained 43 domestic canaries (Serinus canaria) to discriminate between two sides of a test cage, each side being associated with a different value (attractive or aversive food in a dish). During the test phase, the dish was placed at intermediate locations, representing ambiguous information. Results show evidence of an "optimistic" bias (flying faster to the dish at the ambiguous location) in birds housed in pairs, compared to birds housed singly, suggesting an influence of social context (living conditions) on canaries' emotions when tested individually. We also studied six traits of individuals' personality and found that aggressiveness, neophobia, one sociability index and obstinacy were repeatable across social context and/or day-light schedule, whereas the other sociability index, boldness and locomotion were not. No correlation between the birds' optimism and any of their personality traits was found, suggesting that cognitive bias may be a matter of social context rather than of individual personality.
  • [hal-01478435] Individual Differences in Exploratory Activity Relate to Cognitive Judgement Bias in Carpenter Ants
    28 février 2017
    Emotional state may influence cognitive processes such as attention and decision-making. A cognitive judgement bias is the propensity to anticipate either positive or negative consequences in response to ambiguous information. Recent work, mainly on vertebrates, showed that the response to ambiguous stimuli might change depending on an individual's affective state, which is influenced by e.g. the social and physical environment. However, the response to ambiguous stimuli could also be affected by the individual's behavioural type (personality), a question that has been under-investigated. We studied the link between individual differences in exploratory activity and the response to an ambiguous stimulus in the ant Camponotus aethiops. Exploratory behaviour, quantified with an open-field test, was variable among individuals but consistent over time within individuals. Individual ants learned to associate a spatial position to a reinforcement and another spatial position to a punishment. Once the ants had acquired this discrimination, cognitive judgement bias was tested with the stimulus in an intermediate position. Fast explorers in the open-field took significantly more time to approach the ambiguous stimulus compared to slow explorers, suggesting a negative judgement bias for fast explorers and a positive bias for slow explorers. This previously unknown link between individual difference in exploratory activity and cognitive bias in a social insect may help understanding the evolution and organization of social life.
  • [hal-01654903] Mate Choices in Animals and Humans
    4 décembre 2017
    Social life in man and animal is considered as a means used by individuals to gain satisfactions. Sexual reproduction, social perpetuation and the exercise of power are all major goals. In man and animal the forms of marriage and sexual pairing are analyzed through the Darwinian theory of sexual selection as it encompasses aesthetic preferences. It seems to the authors that the behaviors of man and animals are better understood if they are considered as subjects of desires.
  • [hal-01478491] Les appariements chez l'animal et l'humain
    4 décembre 2017
    La vie sociale, chez l'Homme comme chez l'animal, est considérée comme un moyen utilisé par les individus pour obtenir des satisfactions. La reproduction, la perpétuation et le pouvoir constituent des enjeux majeurs pour la réalisation de désirs. Chez l'animal et l'humain les formes d'appariement sont analysées grâce aux théories darwiniennes de la sélection sexuelle, notamment celle des choix esthétiques. Il ressort de ces analyses que les animaux et les humains gagnent en intelligibilité lorsqu'ils sont considérés comme des êtres désirants.
  • [hal-04453380] Quelle place pour l’expérimentation en éthologie ?
    12 février 2024
    The experimental approach has been at the center of my thoughts since my baccalaureate of “experimental sciences”. Trained in neurosciences, I very quickly chose the field of ethology, thinking I would escape certain experimental approaches and offer myself research more respectful of animal life. Today, I have to note that this option did not necessarily lead to what I had imagined. I have been both the witness and the actor of practices that deserve attention. This path, punctuated by an evolution of the conceptions of our relations with living beings, leads me to question the ethics, sometimes contradictory, of action and knowledge.
  • [hal-04453373] Fantaisies, rêves et folies animales
    12 février 2024
    Il est aujourd’hui bien attesté en psychanalyse que la pensée s’incarne dans le corporel. Les éthologues qui depuis longtemps observent des activités oniriques et des conduites ambivalentes chez certains animaux en concluent que nombre d’espèces possèdent une vie subjective ayant des similarités avec la nôtre. S’impose alors l’existence de « folies animales » qui pourraient cependant présenter des singularités qui nous sont inconnues. De même que notre capacité narrative nous distingue des autres espèces.
  • [hal-04449520] Racial Categorization and Intergroup Relations in Children: The Role of Social Status and Numerical Group Size
    9 février 2024
    The aim of this review was to examine the effect of social and numerical group size on racial categorization and intergroup relations in children. We first described the development of racial categorization and the factors that increase the saliency of the race criterion in different contexts. Then, we examine the role of social status in intergroups relations and show that low status children express lower ingroup favoritism compared to their peers from high status groups. Few studies investigated the role of ingroup size on intergroup biases. Here, we look at this numerical variable through the proportion of children of different racial groups in the school environment. The results show that homogeneous environments contribute to the decrease of bias and negative attitudes. We discuss how identifying specific and interactive effects of the social and numerical group size would allow us to implement early and efficient intervention programs.

Médias

ACTUALITES

2023/06/30 - Articles de Johana Ryšavá


2022/04/07 - Michel Kreutzer, sur France Culture (du 04/04/2022 au 07/04/2022 - disponible en podcast en intégralité dès le lundi après la diffusion du premier épisode), dans l'émission LSD -  Série documentaire "L'intelligence du vivant", de Franck Bessière, réalisée par Anne Fleury
1er épisode - "Définir le vivant" « Depuis pas mal d'années, on se rend compte que les êtres vivants, les organismes, notamment les vertébrés supérieurs, les oiseaux, les mammifères, recherchent également ce qui est source de plaisir. Un vivant, c'est donc aussi un être qui recherche des plaisirs et qui essaie d'éviter les déplaisirs. C'est une des raisons sans doute pour laquelle aujourd'hui, on donne tant d'importance à la souffrance animale et qu'on estime que l'on doit se donner des règles éthiques dans nos relations avec les animaux. »
2ème épisode - "L'humain un vivant d'exception"
3ème épisode - "Dans la tête des animaux" « Les émotions entrent pleinement dans les études éthologiques, qui ne se limitent donc plus seulement aux comportements. »
4ème épisode - "Le génie du vivant"

2022/03/30 - Michel Kreutzer, au Musée du Quai Branly - Université populaire 2021/2022, Thème 2 : Le corps - "L'"apprendre animal" : comment le savoir se transmet et s'apprend chez les animaux" 
2021/12/07 - Rana Esseily, Carla Aimé, Dalila Bovet et Maya Gratier, à la Philharmonie de Paris - Colloque "Pédagogie du chant choral" - "Résultats de l'étude scientifique -  impacts sur les capacités psychosociales, les apprentissages scolaires et le bien-être des enfants" (10h20)
https://philharmoniedeparis.fr/fr/activite/colloque/23002-pedagogie-du-chant-choral
2021/10/26 - Michel Kreutzer, sur France Inter, dans l’émission "Grand bien vous fasse" - "Autour des ‘Folies animales'"
2021/10/13 - Michel Kreutzer interviewé par Caroline Lachowski, sur RFI , dans l'émission "Autour de la question" - "La folie est-elle le propre de l’homme ?"
2021/10/11 - Rana Esseily sur France Culture, dans l'émission "La méthode scientifique" - "Rire : c’est du sérieux!"
2021/03/28 - Michel Kreutzer, interviewé par Octave Larmagnac-Matheron, dans Philosophie magazine - "Zoopsychiatrie : À la découverte des folies animales"
2021/03/25 - Michel Kreutzer, invité de l’association CVA (Connaissance et Vie d’Aujourd’hui) de Lille - Conférence "Éthologie : sommes-nous tous des bêtes ?"


ARCHIVES TELE / RADIO
2017/10/26 : France Infos junior - "Que se passe-t-il dans la tête des bébés ?"
2017/03/26 : France Inter - "Les Savanturiers" - en direct du salon du livre (à partir de 40 min 20) pour la promotion de La science à Contrepied paru aux éditions Belin.
2017/04/12 : France 3 - Le monde de Jamy : "Ces animaux si proches de nous"
2015/01/02 : France 5 - C dans l'air : "Mon chat est-il une personne ?"
2014/07/07 : France culture - Les matins d'été, 2ème partie : Les invités culture/Idées. "Malin comme un corbeau", avec deux éthologues Agatha Lievin-Bazin et Valérie Dufour (à partir de la 98ème minute).
2013/06 : NBC News - "Finches sing like birds and their dad taught them how"
2014/04 : France Culture - "L'intelligence du perroquet"
2013/10 : France Culture - Emission Continent Science : "L’homosexualité animale" (audio 54').
Cité des sciences et de l'industrie - Cycle de conférences Universciences "Corps et esprit : indissociables" : "Accéder à la vie subjective des animaux" - Michel Kreutzer.
2012/12 : The Telegraph "Parrot listens to Scissor Sisters' music".
2012/12 : France 5 - Emission "On n'est pas que des cobayes" : "Les éléphants ont-ils peur des souris".
2011/05 : France Inter - Emission "Vivre avec les bêtes", 29 mai :  http://www.franceinter.fr/em/vivre-avec-les-betes/105163 (05/2011)

ARCHIVES PRESSE ECRITE
2019/11/30 : The Economist - Male nightingales spend the winter practising.
2019/11/26 : New Scientist - Nightingales practise new songs in winter to impress mates in spring.
2017/03 :  Sciences Psy - Le tempo de notre quotidien - Et si nous prenions le temps ?, pp.30.
2014/12 : Santé magazine, n°469 sur l'empathie.
2014/09/03 : BMC - The unheard message of larksong.
2014/06 : JDD - L'intelligence des corbeaux
2013/11 : JDD - Comment les oiseaux apprennent-ils à chanter ?
2012/03&04 : Cerveau&Psycho - Le perroquet mentaliste.
2011 : Le Pigeon en Ville - La vie sociale du pigeon Bizet.
2011/12 : Le Républicain Lorrain - Les pigeons sont physionomistes.
2011/08 : Futura Sciences Les canaris font leur show... et s'adaptent à leur public !
2011/08 : Les Echos - Le perroquet, une langue et un cerveau.
2011/05 : BBC News - Parrots choose to work together.
2011/05 : Maxisciences - Intelligence du perroquet gris : collaboration et personnalité.
2011/05 : PhysOrg - Parrots display teamwork and decision-making skills.
2009/04 : Science Actualité, Universciences - Des piafs malins comme des singes.
2005/02 : BBC News - Sleep helps birds sing better.
A good night's sleep helps young birds master the art of singing, but only after a rather groggy start, Nature magazine has reported.
Savoirs Essonne - Masculin/féminin : le genre existe-t-il chez les animaux ?

Ouvrages

Michel Kreutzer (2021), Folies Animales, Le Pommier, Paris.

Bernard Thierry & Michel Kreutzer (dir, 2021), Témoignages sur la naissance d’une science, Les développements de l’éthologie en France (1956-1990), ouvrage collectif, Presses Universitaires de Paris Nanterre.


Franck Péron (2011), L'intelligence des perroquets: l'hypothèse du cerveau social: Compétition et coopération chez les psittacidés, Editions universitaires européennes.



 

Mis à jour le 23 novembre 2023